Съдържание
Съпоставителни изследвания
Емилия МАКЕДОНСКА – Съпоставителен анализ на деятелни имена (nomina actoris) в българския и чешкия език // 7
Статья посвящена 200-летию со дня рождения Найдена Герова и 250-летию со дня рождения Й. Юнгмана – двух из самых ярких представителей Возрождения в Болгарии и Чехии. На основе материала, взятого из фототипных изданий Словаря болгарского языка Н. Герова и Чешско-немецкого словаря Й. Юнгмана, проводится сопоставительный анализ наиболее широко представленных словообразовательных типов имен деятелей в данных лексикографических трудах. Исследуемые словари отражают не только специфику языковой ситуации эпохи Возрождения у чехов и болгар, но также и взгляды самих авторов. Словообразовательные типы распределены по семантическим группам в зависимости от модификации ономасиологического отношения «живое существо, имеющее активное отношение к предмету, названному основой существительного». Орфография и графика времени Юнгмана и Герова подвергнуты актуализации.
The paper is dedicated to the 200-year anniversary since the birth of Nayden Gerov and the 250-year anniversary since the birth of Josef Jungmann – two of the most eminent representatives of the Revival epoch in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. On the basis of data excerpted from Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language by N. Gerov and from the Czech-German Dictionary by J. Jungmann, the most widely represented word-formation types of nomina actoris in the two dictionaries are contrastively analyzed. The dictionaries are revealing not only of the linguistic situation in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria during the Revival but also of the linguistic views of their compilers. The word-formation types are differentiated into semantic classes in accordance with the modification of the onomasiological relation “an animate being agentively engaged with the object named in the base of the noun”. The orthography has been modernized and does not represent the original graphemics and spelling in the dictionaries by Jungmann and Gerov.
Iskra DOBREVA – The cluster /dr/ in the Balkan languages based on Judeo-Spanish metathesis /rd/>/dr/ // 15
The present paper approaches the preference of the consonant cluster /dr/ over /rd/ in intervocalic position in Balkan languages, opposing the preference of /rd/ in the majority of European languages, (except Slavic). The preference of intervocalic /dr/ over /rd/ is regarded as Balkan areal feature, based on the specific change of rhotic metathesis in Judeo-Spanish after its separation from the Ibero-Romance continuum. The well-known Judeo-Spanish innovation of rightward metathesis of /r/ in intervocalic cluster /rd/ to /dr/ compared to Spanish, e.g. JS guadrar vs. Sp. guardar ‘to save’, JS akodrarse vs Sp. acordarse ‘to remember’, JS pedronar vs Sp perdonar ‘to forgive’. The frequency of the consonant clusters /dr/ and /rd/ is analysed in texts in Judeo-Spanish, Balkan and few European languages. The obtained results reveal that in Balkan languages /dr/ is more frequent than /rd/, unlike several European languages. Judeo-Spanish resembles the Balkan languages and the intervocalic cluster /dr/ prevails over /rd/ in the analyzed texts.However, in Judeo-Spanishboth the innovative and conservative forms co-exist. Language contact is regarded as the main trigger for this long-discussed consonant innovation, distinguishing Judeo-Spanish from Spanish and other Ibero-Romance languages.The same feature also differentiates the Balkan languages from other European languages, yet it is also present in the Slavic languages. Contact with the latter may explain the higher /dr/ frequency in Romanian contrasting with other Romance languages. Further studies are needed to investigate the expansion of the consonant feature in question in Slavic, Balkan and Eastern- Mediterranean languages.
Corinna LESCHBER – Bulgarisch kukurùz „Mais“ und Bulgarisch čùška „Paprikaschote“ in ihrem mediterranen Kontext // 30
Болгарские слова и их история рассматривались в разных аспектах: болгарский язык как славянский или балканский язык, во взаимосвязи/взаимодействии с соседними юго-восточными европейскими языками, под влиянием турецкого языка и восточных языков и даже болгарский язык как европейский язык в типологическом отношении или на общем фоне Европейского Союза. Однако редко принимается во внимание тот факт, что болгарский язык является южноевропейским языком в расширенном средиземноморском пространстве. В данной статье будет показано, что такой подход имеет свои преимущества при решении давно обсуждаемых этимологических проблем.
Bulgarian words and their history have been considered from different viewpoints; some of which are: the Bulgarian language as a Slavic language, that is in interdependence with its south-eastern European neighbors, the Bulgarian language under the influence of the Turkish language and the oriental languages, and even Bulgarian as a European language in typological terms (HSK Haspelmath 2001, Leschber 2005), and against a general background of the European Union (Schaller 2018).
However, the fact that Bulgarian is a southern European language in the extended Mediterranean area has seldom been considered. In what follows, it will be shown that this approach brings advantages for the solution of long-discussed etymological problems.
While Bg. kukurùz “corn” is solely a regionally used word along with the common Bulgarian word càrevica “corn”, the Bulgarian čùška “bell pepper, pod” is a Bulgarian vegetable that literally creates an identity, and which is seen as belonging to the “essence of Bulgarianness”. Indeed, this is epitomized by a curiosity like the čùškopèk, “a device for baking bell pepper”, which is exclusively in use in Bulgaria. It is often emphasized that only Bulgarians know what a čùškopèk is and what it is used for. The Bulgarian čùška thus ranks as a key cultural term. Here it is shown that Bulgarian cultural key terms, as already indicated in the paper on Bulgarian kùker, a “figure masked with fur in winter customs” (Leschber 2009, Bengtson & Leschber 2019: 17) are related to their environment and are part of a larger cultural network, in this case, of a Mediterranean network. An important fact is that both vegetables are not native to Europe, but were introduced to Europe very late, at the time of Columbus (1492). In Europe, the renaming of these foreign vegetables was done by substituting native designations whose history stretches far back into the continent’s past.
Теоретични въпроси на езикознанието
Кrasimir KABAKČIEV – On conceptualization and misconceptualization of compositional aspect in Bulgarian publications // 42
Обсуждаются болгарские публикации об английском композиционном аспекте, реализованном на уровне предложений, предлагающие неадекватные описания. Славянский аспект реализуется в глаголе морфологически, а английские глаголы не могут обозначать вид, он реализуется как взаимодействие компонентов предложения, преимущественно NPs. Интерпретации, применимые к языкам с вербальным аспектом, неприменимым к композиционному аспекту, навязываются английскому языку, или аспект “открывается” на уровне VP, а не на уровне предложения.
Bulgarian publications on English compositional aspect, effectuated at the sentence level, are discussed, providing inadequate descriptions. Slavic aspect is morphologically realized in verbs, English verbs cannot signify aspect, it is explicated as an interplay of sentence components, mainly NPs. Interpretations valid for verbal-aspect languages and inapplicable to compositional aspect are forced onto English, or aspect is “discovered” at the VP-level instead of the sentence level.
Теория на превода
Radomira VIDEVA – Un intento de aproximación a la terminología de uso más frecuente en el lenguaje de los seguros de vida riesgo en español y búlgaro // 55
Основната цел на настоящата статия е да направи предложение за двуезичен, еднопосочен глосар (от испански на български) на често употребяваните термини и терминологични словосъчетания в полето на рисковите застраховки „живот“. Първо се разглежда регулацията на договорите за рисковите застраховки „живот“ в законодателствата на двете държави; след това се прави сравнителен анализ на испанския и на българския език на застраховането. Разглежда се процесът на изграждане на глосара. В заключението се предлага рамка за създаването на различни видове материали, които да подпомагат терминологично преводите в полето на рисковите застраховки „живот“ между двата езика.
The main purpose of this article is to present a proposal for a unidirectional bilingual glossary (Spanish-Bulgarian) of the commonly used terms and terminological collocations in the field of life risk insurance. Firstly, the regulation of life risk insurance contracts in the two legislations will be studied. Next we will proceed to carry out a comparative analysis of the Spanish and Bulgarian language of insurance. The glossary building process will be explained later. Finally, we will offer a brief reflection regarding the creation of various translation support materials in the field of insurance terminology within this language combination.
Дискусии, обзори, научни съобщения
Витка ДЕЛЕВА – Концепцията за пространствена и времева заедност в условията на новата нормалност (върху материал от българския и полския език) // 67
Обьектом настоящего исследования являются новые парадигмы интерпретаций социальных процессов в глобальном масштабе, которые происходит в течение последних трех десятилетий. В статье рассматривается трансформация концепций времени и пространства в качестве ключевой характеристики постмодерного общества, которое представлено в программе политики EС под названием Europe’s Digital Decade. Анализ базирован на Теории сетевого общества испанского социолога Мануэля Кастельса и проводится в контексте концепции текучей модерности Зигмунта Баумана.
The paper focuses on the new optics of interpretation of social processes of the global scale that take place in the past three decades. The transformation of concepts of time and space is discussed as a key characteristic of postmodern society that is represented in the policy programme Europe’s Digital Decade. Analyses is based on the Theory of Network Society developed by Manuel Castells and Theory of Liquid Modernity proposed by Zygmunt Bauman.